mission effective

( боевая) задача, ( военная) миссия; вылет; полет; стрельба; огневая задача; предназначение; общая задача; задача части [соединения] ( пункт боевого приказа); см. тж. task

— "be prepared" mission

— "go-anywhere" mission

— abort a mission

— accept a mission

— accomplish a mission

— adjust fire mission

— advisory mission

— aerial bombing mission

— air alert mission

— air defense alert mission

— air defense mission

— air defense suppression mission

— air interdiction mission

— air mining mission

— air mission

— air superiority mission

— airborne assault mission

— airborne mission

— airdrop mission

— airlanded mission

— airlift mission

— alert mission

— analyze a mission

— anticarrier mission

— antiguerrilla mission

— antiradiation mission

— antisatellite mission

— antiship mission

— antisniper mission

— area denial mission

— area interdiction mission

— area reconnaissance mission

— area saturation ECM mission

— armed reconnaissance mission

— artillery minefield fire mission

— artillery mission

— assault mission

— assigned mission

— AT mission

— bacteriological bombing mission

— battlefield mission

— blocking mission

— bombing mission

— break-in mission

— British mission to the Commanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Forces in Germany

— call mission

— call off a mission

— cancel a mission

— canned mission

— cargo and troop-drop mission

— carrier standoff mission

— carrier-borne mission

— carrier-onboard-delivery mission

— carry out a mission

— CAS mission

— chemical mission

— civil mission

— clear a mission

— close-proximity mission

— close-support mission

— cold war mission

— collateral mission

— combat air patrol mission

— combat mission

— combat training mission

— combat-related mission

— communications security mission

— conduct a mission

— consistent with a mission

— contact mission

— contact research mission

— containing mission

— containment mission

— contingency mission

— cooperative mission

— counterair mission

— counterfire mission

— counter-intervention mission

— counter-offensive mission

— counterreconnaissance mission

— covert mission

— crash mission

— critical mission

— damage assessment mission

— deduced mission

— deep penetration mission

— deep strike mission

— defend-in-sector mission

— defense training mission

— defense-suppression air mission

— defense-suppression mission

— defensive mission

— delaying mission

— demolition mission

— deployment mission

— designated mission

— destruction mission

— direct action mission

— dispatch a mission

— divert from a mission

— divert mission

— early-deployment mission

— ECM mission

— economy-of-force mission

— engineer mission

— escort mission

— fighter escort mission

— fill-in mission

— final mission

— finalize a mission

— fire a mission

— fire for effect mission

— fire mission

— fire support mission

— fixed interval surveillance mission

— fixing mission

— fly a mission

— flying mission

— foilow-on mission

— follow-and-support mission

— foreign intelligence information mission

— general naval mission

— generate a mission

— ground alert mission

— ground cooperation mission

— ground FAC-directed mission

— ground-controlled interception mission

— guard mission

— harassing mission

— herbicide mission

— hit and run mission

— illumination mission

— immediate mission

— implied mission

— impromptu mission

— independent mission

— infantry mission

— infantry support mission

— information mission

— initiate a mission

— intelligence mission

— interception mission

— interdiction fixed target mission

— interdiction mission

— interdictory mission

— intertheater mission

— intratheater mission

— intruder mission

— joint services mission

— Joint US Military mission for Aid

— lay a mission

— live fire "danger close" mission

— live mission

— long-contract reseach mission

— maritime air superiority mission

— mercy mission

— military assistance mission

— military liaison mission

— military mission

— military training mission

— mining and countermining mission

— missile warning/attack assessment mission

— mission effective

— mission impossible

— mission of fire

— mission to Military Garrisons

— modified mission

— monitor a mission

— mox nix mission

— multiple fire mission

— nap-of-the-earth reconnaissance mission

— night mission

— nonoperational mission

— nonstandard mission

— nuclear fire mission

— nuclear surface-to-surface fire support mission

— observation mission

— offensive mission

— on-call mission

— one-way ditch mission

— on-foot infantry mission

— on-order mission

— on-suspicion mission

— operational mission

— order the mission flown

— overall mission

— peacetime mission

— peripheral mission

— photographic reconnaissance mission

— politico-military mission

— post support mission

— poststrike photo mission

— power-projection mission

— predesignated mission

— preplanned mission

— preprogrammed mission

— prestrike photo mission

— prioritize missions

— priority mission

— protective mission

— quick-reaction point air defense mission

— radar-bombing mission

— radar-killer mission

— rain-making mission

— rear area security mission

— reconnaissance mission

— reinforcing mission

— relieve of a mission

— request a mission

— responsive mission

— restate a mission

— restrictive mission

— resupply mission

— road clearing mission

— rocketry mission

— run a mission

— scaled-down mission

— scheduled mission

— scouting mission

— scratch a mission

— screening mission

— screening security mission

— sea-control mission

— security mission

— seek-and-destroy mission

— semi-independent mission

— set a mission

— set-down mission

— ship-to-shore cargo mission

— shoot a mission

— simulated combat mission

— smoke mission

— standard mission

— state mission

— strategic mission

— strategic penetration over-the-target mission

— strategic warning mission

— strike mission

— subassign missions

— subsequent mission

— subsidiary reconnaissance mission

— Sunday mission

— support mission

— suppression air mission

— suppression mission

— surface mission

— survival mission

— tactical control mission

— tactical mission

— take over a mission

— target exploitation mission

— target spotting mission

— theater support mission

— TOE mission

— training mission

— troop-in-contact mission

— truck hunting mission

— two-way mission

— typical mission

— US mission to the NATO

— warfighting mission

— wartime mission

— Zulu mission

— actual time over target

— administrative lead time

— administrative time

— airborne alert time

— aircraft loading time

— airfield escape time

— Alfa time

— allowable stay time

— approach warning time

— Army time

— assignment turnaround time

— attack-response time

— average landing time

— awaiting technical maintenance time

— blast travel time

— bomb fall time

— bonus time

— bridge laying time

— burst time

— buy time

— chow time

— clearance time

— closing time to contact

— closing time to minimum burst altitude time

— closing time

— closure time

— combat firing time

— combat mission planning time

— combat target exposure time

— combat time

— command time

— commitment time

— completion time

— computer information retrieval time

— continental US assignment turnaround time

— continuous flame throwing time

— control response time

— convoy time

— convoy turnaround time

— count down time

— critical time

— current operating time

— datum and datum time

— datum time ASW

— dazzle recovery time

— dead time

— decision-to-assault time

— deorbit time

— departure time

— deployment lead time

— deployment time

— depot processing time

— desired time over target

— detrucking time

— displacement time

— distribution time

— down time

— drill against time

— duration time

— dwell time

— earliest arriving time

— early time

— early-warning time

— ECM loiter time over target

— effective time of contamination

— effective time of operation

— effective time of the order

— elapsed time indicated

— emergency replenishment time

— emplacement time

— engine idle time

— entrucking time

— entry time

— erection time

— established time of separation

— establishment time

— estimated time of completion

— estimated time of crew's return

— estimated time of interception

— estimated time

— exception time

— exercise time

— expected minimum warning time

— exploitation time

— exposure time

— fallout arrival time

— fast setup time

— feeding time

— field time

— fighter exposure time per shot

— filing time

— fire exposure time

— fire renewal time

— fire time nuclear

— fire-enable time

— firing time

— firing-to-impact time

— first sighting — weapon trigger time

— flash-bang time

— flight time

— flight-in time

— fly-in time

— flying time to the target

— flying time

— follow-on forces closure time

— forces concentration time

— forces massing time

— forming time

— free time

— fuze running time

— gain time

— go time

— good conduct time

— Greenwich sidereal time

— ground launching time

— ground time

— ground turn-around time

— gyrospinup time

— half-residence time

— heavy-drop time

— holding time

— illumination time

— imaginary time

— impact point time

— information delivery time

— initial entry time

— in-operation time

— in-place time

— intelligence information storing time

— interception time

— intransit time

— jammer response time

— jump time

— jumpoff time

— lag time

— latest closing time

— latest time over target

— launcher reload time

— launching time

— lead time

— legal closing time

— Lima time

— line of departure time

— load time

— loading time

— load-out time

— local sidereal time

— logging time

— logistics lead time

— loiter time

— loxing time

— maintenance-down time

— maintenance-turnaround time

— manufacturing lead time

— mark time

— masking time

— materiel lead time

— mean active maintenance time

— mean time to repair

— median lethal time

— message secrecy time

— military time

— minimal warning time

— minimum delivery time

— minimum warning time

— minus time

— missile-to-target flight time

— mission duration time

— mission entry time

— mission loiter time

— mission station loiter time

— mission station over target time

— mobilization readiness lead time

— mortar time on area

— mortar time on line

— mortar time on target

— Mountain Standard time

— movement start time

— Naffy time

— NATO preparation time

— Navy time

— nuclear attack response time

— nuclear launch tentative time

— nuclear weapon employment time

— obscuration time

— observation time

— off-duty time

— offlanding time

— offload time

— off-station due time

— on-air time

— on-load/off-load time

— on-station time

— on-task time

— open air time

— open time

— opening fire time

— opening times

— order time

— order-ship time

— ordnance down time

— ordnance time to fall

— orientation time

— out-of-action time

— pad rehabilitation time

— pad stay time

— pass time

— personnel reaction time

— pipeline time

— play time

— plus time

— prelaunch time

— prior warning time

— procurement lead time

— production lead time

— pull time

— quick time

— radar lag time

— rating time

— reaction time

— readiness time

— receipt time

— recoil time

— recovery time

— refueling time

— regunning time

— reinforcing time

— release time

— reload time

— repair lead time

— response time

— resupply turn-around time

— retargeting time

— retire time

— road clearance time

— running time

— safe arming time

— SAM system reaction time

— scanning time

— scramble time

— self-destruction time

— setting-up time

— set-up/tear-down time

— shift time

— shock wave arrival time

— short reaction time

— short time of flight

— situational change reaction time

— slack time

— smoke build-up time

— smoke screen time

— staff reaction time

— stand-down time

— start point time

— stay time

— stick jump time

— stick time

— strategic warning lead time

— strategic warning post-decision time

— strategic warning pre-decision time

— system delay time

— tactical warning time

— target "unmask" time

— target acquisition - engagement time

— target detection - engagement time

— target illumination time

— target stay time

— target-exposure time

— target-servicing time

— tension time

— tie-up time

— time available

— time between overhauls

— time closed

— time enroute

— time in commission

— time into action

— time of arrival

— time of attack

— time of delivery

— time of flight

— time of origin

— time of receipt

— time of return to operation

— time on aim

— time on station

— time on target

— time over target

— time past a point

— time reported displaced

— time taken to complete a move

— time to go

— time Universal Observed

— track time

— training time

— trajectory safety time

— trajectory time

— transhipment time

— troop movement alert time

— turnaround time

— unit time

— unloading time

— unserved time

— warhead delivery time

— warhead detonation delay time

— warmup time

— warning time

— warranted-between-failure time

— weapon reaction time

— weapon-target time

— win time

— zero reaction time

— Zulu time

1 to propel, to drive.

2 to stimulate (promocionar) (economía).

impulsar las relaciones Norte-Sur to promote North-South relations

las claves que impulsan el sector the key drivers for the industry

3 to encourage, to foster, to urge, to drive.

Ricardo impulsa a su equipo Richard encourages his team.

4 to impulse, to propel, to motor.

Su tecnología impulsa el programa His technology impulses the program.

5 to boost, to drive, to force, to give a boost.

Su energía impulsa a María His energy impels Mary.

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 to impel

2 TÉCNICA to drive forward

3 (potenciar) to promote

4 (incitar) to drive

\

impulsar a alguien a hacer algo to drive somebody to do something

* * *

1) to impel

2) drive

* * *

1) (Mec) to drive, propel

2) [+ persona] to drive, impel

3) [+ deporte, inversión] to promote

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <motor/vehículo> to propel, drive

b) < persona> to drive

c) <comercio, producción> to boost, give a boost to

* * *

= further, impel, propel, thrust forward, drive, mobilise [mobilize, -USA], pioneer, give + impetus, power, jump-start [jump start], kick-start [kickstart], forward.

Ex. IFLA's International Office for Universal Bibliographic Control was established in order to further international control of bibliographic records.

Ex. We have already been impelled toward a definition of the future catalog by forces not especially conducive to its development into a more effective instrument.

Ex. A magnetic field propels the bubbles in the right direction through the film.

Ex. The acid rain literature illustrated the 1st paradigm, where journals from the unadjusted literature were thrust forward in the adjusted literature, and no unadjusted journal fell into obscurity.

Ex. The notation 796.33 is used for sporst involving an inflated ball propelled ( driven) by foot.

Ex. It is time for all librarians to change their attitudes and become involved, to seek funds and mobilise civic organisations and businesses in cooperative efforts.

Ex. Icons, or pictorial representations of objects in systems, were pioneered by Xerox.

Ex. Two concepts given much impetus lately through the increasing study of sociology have been 'communication' and 'class'.

Ex. The other method was to increase the effective size of the press by using a cylindrical platen, powered either by hand or by steam.

Ex. Jump-start your learning experience by participating in 1 or 2 half-day seminars that will help you come up to speed on the new vocabularies, processes and architectures underlying effective content management.

Ex. Shock tactics are sometimes necessary in order to expose injustice and kick-start the process of reform.

Ex. In order to forward the mission of the University, specific programs will be targeted for growth, consolidation, and possible elimination.

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* impulsado por energía eólica = wind-powered.

* impulsar a = galvanise into.

* impulsar a la acción = galvanise into + action.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <motor/vehículo> to propel, drive

b) < persona> to drive

c) <comercio, producción> to boost, give a boost to

* * *

* * *

impulsar [A1 ]

1 ‹motor/vehículo› to propel, drive

el viento impulsa la nave the wind propels the ship

2 ‹persona› to drive

el motivo que lo impulsó a hacerlo the motive that drove him to do it

se sintió impulsada a decírselo she felt impelled to tell him

3 ‹comercio› to boost, give a boost to

para impulsar las relaciones culturales in order to promote cultural relations

quieren impulsar la iniciativa they are trying to give impetus to o to boost the initiative

* * *

a) ‹motor/vehículo› to propel, drive

b) ‹ persona› to drive

c) ‹comercio, producción› to boost, give a boost to;

* * *

impulsar vt

1. [empujar] to propel, to drive

2. [incitar]

¿qué te impulsó a marcharte? what drove you to leave?

3. [promocionar] [economía] to stimulate;

debemos impulsar las relaciones Norte-Sur we should promote North-South relations;

las claves que impulsan el sector the key drivers for the industry

* * *

1 TÉC propel

2 COM, fig

boost

* * *

impulsar vt

: to propel, to drive

* * *

impulsar vb

1. (empujar) to drive forward [pt. drove; pp. driven]

2. (animar) to encourage

3. (promover) to boost / to stimulate

— acceleration rate

— accession rate

— accuracy hit rate

— actual consumption rate

— admission rate

— agreed provision rate

— airborne assault rate

— aircraft attrition rate

— aircraft utilization rate

— alert readiness rate

— allowance rate

— ammunition available supply rate

— ammunition consumption rate

— ammunition expenditure rate

— ammunition procurement rate

— amphibious assault rate

— assault rate

— attrition rate

— automatic technical rate of fire

— availability rate

— available supply rate

— background counting rate

— breakdown rate

— build-up rate

— burst firing rate

— case fatality rate

— casualty rate

— chaff blooming rate

— change of range rate

— channel transmission rate

— charge dependent fire rate

— climbing rate

— closure rate

— combat consumption rate

— combat fire rate

— communications rate

— consumption rate

— consumption-demand rates

— controlled ammunition supply rate

— controlled rate of fire

— controlled supply rate

— court-martial rate

— daily messing rate

— daily munition expenditure rate

— daily sortie rate

— data rate

— decay rate

— discharge rate

— disease attack rate

— dose rate

— effective rate of fire

— effective rate

— entry time dose rate

— expenditure rate

— fielding rate

— fill rate

— firing rate

— first-term attrition rate

— flying rate

— force generation rate

— forecasted rate

— full mission capable rate

— full-out-patient rate

— ground reinforcement rate

— hit rate

— in-commission rate

— information display rate

— information processing rate

— information rate

— information renewal rate

— injury rate

— intense combat consumption rate

— issue rate

— jamming suppression rate

— kill rate

— laser ranging rate

— launch rate

— laying rate

— lethality rate

— loss rate

— maximize traffic rate

— maximum rate of fire

— maximum traversing rate

— mean miles between failure rate

— minelaying rate

— minimum traversing rate

— missile effective rate

— missile launcher effective rate

— missile reload rate

— mission rate

— mobility failure rate

— mobilization rate

— mortality rate

— movement rate

— noneffective rate

— nonnuclear ammunition combat rate

— nuclear ammunition combat rate

— obsoletion rate

— offensive rate

— operational readiness rate

— out-of-commission rate

— personnel lag rate

— pitching rate

— position reporting rate

— practical rate of fire

— promotion pickup selection rate

— provision rate

— pulse repetition rate

— radiation dosage rate

— rate of advance

— rate of fire

— rate of march

— rate of pay

— recuperability rate

— reinforcement build-up rate

— replacement support rate

— required supply rate

— reserve forces mobilization rate

— resupply rate

— retention rate

— rolling rate

— scan rate

— screen refresh rate

— selectable rate of fire

— selection rate

— sick call rate

— sink rate

— slewing rate

— sortie generation rate

— sortie rate

— standard consumption rate

— storage rate

— supply rate

— survival rate

— sustained advance rate

— target attack rate

— target designation rate

— target engagement rate

— target recognition rate

— technical rate of fire

— terrestrial gamma dose rate

— track-crossing rate

— tracking rate

— tracking renewal rate

— tradesman's rate of pay

— traffic rate

— transportation rate

— traversing rate

— truck availability rate

— turn rate

— turret slewing rate

— usage rate

— utilization rate

— vehicle out-of-commission rate

— vertical laying angular rate

— war rate

— washout rate

— wastage rate

— weapons production rate

— yawing rate

1 summary.

en resumen in short

2 abstract, overview, resumé, summary.

3^rd person plural (ellos/ellas) present indicative of spanish verb: resumir.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 summary

\

en resumen in short, to sum up

* * *

* * *

SM summary, résumé

ADJ INV

* * *

masculino summary

* * *

= abbreviation, abstract, condensation, digestion, précis, résumé, summarisation [summarization, -USA], summary, summary, recap, recapitulation, rundown, roundup [round-up].

Ex. Many other terms are used to denote a regurgitation or abbreviation of document content.

Ex. An abstract is a concise and accurate representation of the contents of a document, in a style similar to that of the original document.

Ex. An abridgement is usually taken to be a condensation that necessarily omits a number of secondary points.

Ex. They can help in effective note-taking, digestion of current literature, and the analysis of committee papers.

Ex. A précis is an account which restricts itself to the essential points of an argument.

Ex. A synopsis is one type of résume prepared by the author of a work.

Ex. In summarization we are concerned with stating the total content of the document in a brief description.

Ex. A clearer demarcation might be drawn between the traditional subject headings lists and thesauri by the following summary of differences.

Ex. Strictly, a summary is a restatement within a document of the salient findings and conclusions of the document.

Ex. Each session should begin with a brief recap of the previous week's reading.

Ex. Here again the contributors are leading scholars, but in this case the emphasis is upon analysis and interpretation rather than factual recapitulation.

Ex. This article describes the functionality of CARL software for this purpose, loads a brief rundown of data bases, and gives the criteria for selecting data bases.

Ex. Nobody can depend exclusively on library publications reviews to identify new titles, though Publishers Weekly's computer book roundups do help.

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* agencia de resúmenes = abstracting agency, abstracting organisation.

* a modo de resumen = wrap-up.

* base de datos bibliográfica de resúmenes = abstracts based bibliographic database.

* boletín de resúmenes = abstracting bulletin, abstracts bulletin.

* elaboración de resúmenes = abstracting.

* en resumen = in conclusion, in summary, simply put, the long and (the) short of, in sum, in all, to sum up, to sum it up, in essence, put simply, all in all, simply stated.

* normas para la elaboración de resúmenes = abstracting policy.

* página de resúmenes = abstract page, abstract sheet.

* pantalla de resumen de nombres = name summary screen.

* pantalla resumen = summary screen.

* pantalla resumen del documento = document summary screen.

* pantalla resumen de notas = note summary screen.

* plantilla de resúmenes = abstracting form.

* preparación automática de resúmenes = automatic abstracting.

* presentar un resumen = give + summary.

* publicación de resúmenes = abstracting and indexing publication, abstracting and indexing publication, abstracting publication.

* resumen a partir de los inicios de los documentos = lead-based summary.

* resumen biográfico = biographical sketch.

* resumen breve = short abstract.

* resumen crítico = critical abstract.

* resumen de autor = author abstract.

* resumen de comunicación = meeting abstract.

* resumen de interés = highlight abstract.

* resumen de la dirección = executive summary.

* resumen de la junta directiva = executive summary.

* resumen de misión = mission-oriented abstract.

* resumen de noticias = roundup [round-up], roundup of news, roundup of news.

* resumen de novedades = roundup [round-up], roundup of news, roundup of news.

* resumen de resultados = findings-oriented abstract.

* resumen documental = document summary.

* resumen ejecutivo = executive summary.

* Resúmenes Internacionales de Farmacia (IPA) = International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA).

* resumen especial = mission-oriented abstract.

* resumen estadístico = statistical abstract.

* resumen hecho para una disciplina concreta = discipline-oriented abstract.

* resumen homotópico = homotopic abstract.

* resumen indicativo = indicative abstract.

* resumen indicativo-informativo = indicative-informative abstract.

* resumen informativo = informative abstract.

* resumen numérico = numerical abstract.

* resumen reglado = ruly abstract.

* resumen selectivo = selective abstract, slanted abstract.

* resumen tabular = tabular abstract.

* resumen telegráfico = telegraphic abstract.

* revista de resúmenes = abstracts journal, abstracting journal, abstracting periodical, abstracting and indexing publication, abstract journal, synoptic journal, abstracting and indexing journal, abstracting publication.

* servicio de indización y resumen = abstracting and indexing service, indexing and abstracting service.

* servicio de resúmenes = abstracting service.

* tipo de resumen = abstracting format.

* * *

masculino summary

* * *

* * *

summary

nos hizo un resumen de lo tratado en la reunión she gave us a resumé o summary of what was discussed at the meeting

hacer un resumen de un texto to précis o summarize a text

en resumen in short

* * *

3ª persona plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) presente indicativo

◊ hacer un resumen de un texto to summarize a text;

a) ( condensar) ‹texto/libro› to summarize

b) ( recapitular) ‹discurso/argumento› to sum up

◊ resumiendo … in short …, to sum up …

* * *

resumen nm

summary;

hazme un resumen de lo que pasó give me a summary of what happened;

van a emitir el resumen de la ceremonia inaugural the highlights of the opening ceremony are going to be broadcast;

en resumen in short

* * *

m summary;

en resumen in short

* * *

resumen nm, pl - súmenes

1) : summary, summation

en resumen : in summary, in short

* * *

resumen n summary [pl. summaries]

— active-duty base date

— alongside date

— attendance date

— availability date

— basic active service date

— basic service date

— break date

— change-round date

— completion date

— control change date

— cut-off date

— date of attachment

— date of detachment

— date of enlistment

— date of initial appointment

— date of request

— date of separation

— date returned from overseas

— delivery commitment date

— delivery forecast commitment date

— effective date of current appointment

— effective date of current enlistment

— effective date of release from training

— effective date of service

— effective date of training

— effective date

— eligibility date

— encryption date

— entering office date

— estimated date of release

— estimated date of resumption

— estimated delivery date

— estimated shipping date

— extension date

— fielding date

— forecast support date

— foreign service selection date

— initial fielding date

— in-service date

— mandatory wearing date

— military service obligation date

— mission release date

— operational capability date

— operational ready date

— overseas control date

— overseas required date

— overseas terminal arrival date

— port call reporting date

— projected availability date

— promotion eligibility date

— reassignment date of availability

— report date

— scheduled installation start date

— seniority date

— service-entry date

— target activation date

— target date

— total years service date

— wearout date

район; округ; площадь; участок; зона; область; пространство; категория ( действий); см. тж. ground; zone

— acoustic shadow area

— actions area

— adjoining sea area

— administrative area

— advisory area

— air covered area

— air defended area

— air defense action area

— air defense area

— air defense engagement area

— air defense operations area

— air defense restricted area

— air defense warfare area

— air drop area

— air landing area

— air materiel area

— air objective area

— air refueling area

— air target area

— airborne alert area

— airborne area of operation

— airborne objective area

— aircraft dispersal area

— aircraft exclusion area

— aircraft loading area

— airhead maintenance area

— airmobile marshaling area

— airspace coordination area

— airspace danger area

— airspace warning area

— alert area

— alighting area

— alternate assembly area

— alternate deployment area

— ammunition upload area

— amphibious objective area

— amphibious tactical deployment area

— amphibious training area

— amphibious vehicle launching area

— antisubmarine screening area

— approach area

— approach passable area

— aptitude area

— area in defilade

— area of immediate contamination

— area of influence

— area of interest

— area of military significant fallout

— area of northern operations

— area of observation

— area of operational interest

— area of operations

— area of reduction

— area of responsibility

— area of strategic importance

— area of war

— armor killing area

— armor training area

— army area

— army crossing area

— army service area

— army support area

— artillery position area

— assault area

— assembly and arming area

— assembly and service area

— assembly and test area

— assembly area

— ASW patrol area

— athletic area

— attack area

— attrition area

— aviation support area

— bacteriologically contaminated area

— barrier area

— base area

— battalion area

— battalion crossing area

— battalion rear area

— battalion task force area

— battle area

— beach area

— beach maintenance area

— beach support area

— beach transit area

— billeting area

— biologically contaminated area

— blast area

— blast damage area

— block-type construction area

— boat assembly area

— booby-trap demonstration area

— breakthrough area

— bridge preassembly area

— brigade area

— brigade defensive area

— British Forces Maintenance area

— built-up area

— burst area

— cantonment area

— cargo assembly area

— casualty area

— catchment area

— centralized storage area

— checkout area

— chemically contaminated area

— city combat training area

— civil affairs area

— clandestine assembly area

— classified conference area

— clean area

— close fire support area

— cluster warhead submunition dispersal area

— coastal support area

— collecting area

— comb an area

— combat area

— combat patrolling area

— combat service support area

— command area

— communications area

— community area

— compact built-up area

— company defense area

— complex target area

— concentration area

— contact area

— contaminated air propagation area

— contamination area

— contingency A area

— contingency area

— control area

— controlled firing area

— convoy assembly area

— convoy marshaling area

— core area

— corps area

— corps service area

— corps storage area

— corps support area

— coverage area

— covering force area

— crisis area

— critical target area

— crossing area

— cushion area

— damage area

— dangerous area

— dead area

— debarkation area

— decisive area

— decontamination area

— defense area

— defensive area

— defensive coastal area

— defensive sea area

— delaying operations area

— delineate areas

— delivery area

— demilitarize an area

— demonstration test area

— denial area

— denial objects area

— denied area

— departure area

— dependent housing area

— dependent-restricted overseas area

— deplaning area

— deployment area

— detraining area

— detrucking area

— direct air support area

— direct fire engagement area

— dirty area

— disaster area

— disembarkation area

— disengagement area

— dispersal area

— dispersal parking area

— dispersion area

— displaced persons and refugee assembly area

— display area

— distant support target area

— distribution area

— division air support area

— division area

— division crossing area

— division support area

— divisional administrative area

— divisional maintenance area

— dropping area

— dummy area

— dummy assembly area

— dummy defensive area

— duty area

— early warning area

— economy-of-force area

— effective area

— effective beaten area

— effective disease area

— effective fire area

— effective landing area

— effective lethal area

— effective reflective area

— effects area

— embarkation area

— emergency area

— EMP destructive effects area

— employment area

— enemy area

— engagement area

— entraining area

— entrucking area

— equivalent target area

— estimated casualty area

— evacuation area

— exclusion area

— exercise area

— exit passable area

— expected areas of casualty density

— explosives area

— expulsion area

— extreme forward combat area

— FA service area

— fallout area

— farthest forward area

— fatal area

— field exercise area

— field firing area

— field gun area

— fighting area

— final assembly area before crossing

— final assembly area for attack

— fire area

— fire contact area

— fire control area

— fire coordination area

— fire support area

— firing area

— firing position area

— first echelon area of responsibility

— flank area

— fleet basing area

— floating dump area

— force maintenance area

— forces separation area

— forming-up area

— fortified area

— forward airhead maintenance area

— forward area

— forward assembly area

— forward battle area

— forward bridge preassembly area

— forward brigade administrative area

— forward combat area

— forward concentration area

— forward defense area

— forward defensive area

— forward echelon area of responsibility

— forward maintenance area

— forward staging area

— free drop supplies recovery area

— free fire area

— frontier area

— fuel storage area

— full radiological exclusion area

— functional area

— garrison area

— garrison training area

— gas-contaminated area

— general position area

— greatest intelligence productivity area

— ground training area

— ground zero area

— guidance and control area

— guidance area

— gun area

— gun-defended area

— gunnery training area

— halt area

— hardened storage area

— hazard area

— helicopter assembly area

— helicopter liftout area

— helicopter transport area

— helicopter-launching area

— hidden area

— hide area

— high fallout/no blast area

— high jamming area

— high risk area

— high threat area

— high-rise area

— hitting area

— holding area

— hookup area

— hostile fire area

— hostile launch antipodal area

— hot area

— hot-pad area

— IGBM defense deployment area

— impact area

— inactive area

— infiltration area

— initial assembly area

— inner rendezvous area

— inner transport area

— integrated lethal area

— intensified fire area

— interdiction area

— intermediate assembly area

— intermediate staging area

— intervention area

— inundation area

— jamming area

— joint security area

— jump area

— jungle training area

— killing area

— laager site area

— land impact area

— landing area

— landing ship area

— landing-attractive area

— landing-inviting area

— large dispersed aerosol contamination area

— launch base area

— launch control area

— launcher deployment area

— launching area

— lethality area

— light damage area

— light rescue area

— limited access area

— limited forces area

— limited radiological exclusion area

— lines of communication area

— liquid-contaminated area

— loading area

— local dispersal area

— local training area

— lodgement area

— loitering area

— long tour area

— low-threat area

— main battle area

— main defense area

— main defensive area

— main fighting area

— main support area

— maintenance area

— major built-up area

— major target area

— major training area

— maneuver area

— maneuver rights area

— maritime exclusion area

— marshaling area

— material balance area

— mating area

— maximum efforts application area

— maximum security area

— maximum supporting fires area

— maximum vulnerability area

— mess area

— metropolitan defense area

— military area

— mine warfare area

— mined area

— minor support area

— missile assembly and arming area

— missile checkout area

— missile defended area

— missile dispersion area

— missile hold area

— missile shadow area

— missile transfer area

— mission area

— mobilization area

— moderate damage area

— moderately contaminated area

— mortar area

— MOS area

— motor maintenance area

— mountain warfare training area

— mounting area

— movement control area

— multiple assembly area

— multiple contamination area

— NATO Early Warning area

— NATO guidelines area

— naval area

— naval support area

— NBC area of observation

— NBC contaminated area

— no fire area

— no go area

— non-deployment area

— nonvital area

— normal ground training area

— nuclear area

— nuclear deployment area

— nuclear effects area

— nuclear killing area

— nuclear safety area

— nuclear target area

— nuclear-powered BM submarine patrol area

— objective area

— obstructions area

— OP compound area

— open skin areas

— operating area

— operational area

— operational defensive area

— operations area

— opposition area

— optimum engagement area

— orbit area

— ordnance area

— outer transport area

— out-of-fire contact area

— outpost area

— overlap area

— overlapping nuclear package area

— overseas staging area

— patrolling area

— penetration area

— peripheral responsibility area

— personnel procurement area

— petroleum area

— phoney area

— phoney contaminated area

— plans area

— POL area

— POL hardened storage area

— port staging area

— position area

— possible hostile area

— post-decontamination area

— potential battle area

— potential kill area

— potential launch area

— preference service area

— preinvestigation holding area

— prelaunch area

— primary engagement area

— production area

— PW holding area

— radar detection area

— radar surveillance area

— radar warning area

— radioactive contamination area

— radiological area

— radiological exclusion area

— rallying area

— readiness area

— rear area

— rear assembly area

— rear defense area

— rear maintenance area

— rearming and turnaround area

— rearward area

— reception area

— reconnaissance area

— reconstitution area

— recovery area

— recreation area

— regiment defensive area

— regrouping area

— reinforcement assembly area

— reloading area

— rendezvous area

— reserve area

— residual radiation area

— resistance area

— rest area

— restricted area

— restricted fire area

— risk area

— riverine area

— round-up area

— safe area

— SAM launching area

— SAM target destruction area

— satellite intercept rendezvous area

— saturation fire area

— scattering area

— scouting area

— sea echelon area

— sealed area

— search area

— secondary target area

— security area

— sensitive area

— service area

— set-down area

— severe damage area

— shell swept area

— shelter area

— ship dispersal area

— site area

— small ozone-depleted area

— smoke-blanketed area

— Sovereign Base area

— special area

— special obstructions area

— specialist area

— spotting area

— stabilized area

— staging area

— standby area

— stand-down area

— static display area

— station area

— sterile area

— storage area

— strategic area

— strategic missile support area

— striking force area

— strip area

— submarine patrol area

— subsurface sea area

— supply and service area

— supply area

— support area

— surface area

— surveillance area

— suspected assembly area

— tactical area of responsibility

— tactical area

— tactical assembly area

— tactical battle area

— tactical defensive area

— tank rallying area

— tank training area

— tank water-tightening area

— tankproof area

— target acquisition area

— target area

— target engagement area

— target probable location area

— target transfer area

— test area

— thinly defended area

— threatened area

— track initiation area

— training area

— trains area

— transfer area

— transit area

— transport area

— transport assembly area

— underdeveloped area

— undermanned area

— unloading area

— unorganized area

— unrestricted area

— uploading area

— urban area

— vehicle dispersal area

— vehicle driving water area

— vehicle processing area

— vehicle staging area

— vehicle standby area

— vital air defense area

— vital area

— waiting area

— walk-out area

— warfare area

— water fording area

— water impact area

— water training area

— white area

— yellow area

— zone of communications forward area

— zone of communications rear area

1) General subject: battle-seasoned, effective, fighting fit

2) Military: battle-ready, battle-worthy, battleworthy, combat-capable, combat-effective, fit for combat, fit for fight, fully-mission capable, mission capable, whole-bodied

3) Jargon: live

4) Makarov: fighting

1 attainable.

2 reachable, attainable, come-at-able, get-at-able.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 within reach, attainable

* * *

= attainable, achievable, acquirable, reachable.

Ex. This technique's integration of brainstorming and theory principles establishes an effective, stimulating, innovative, rapid and attainable IRS.

Ex. It was a mission which appeared at the outset to be viable and achievable.

Ex. Frederick Holler claims that 'Information retrieval (ie, reference work) is nothing less than a full-fledged discipline and not simply a minor skill acquirable as a byproduct of other studies'.

Ex. I think this is a reachable goal, but to attain it we must first understand where and why the library user goes wrong under our present system.

* * *

to help.

ayudar a alguien a hacer algo to help somebody (to) do something

¿en qué puedo ayudarle? how can I help you?

¿puedo ayudar? can I help?

Ella asiste a todo el mundo She helps everybody.

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 to help, aid, assist

■ ¿en qué podemos ayudarte? how can we help you?

► verbo pronominal ayudarse

1 (apoyarse) to make use (de/con, of)

* * *

* * *

VT (=asistir) to help, assist, aid

ayudarse

* * *

verbo transitivo to help

ayudarse v pron to help oneself

* * *

= aid, do + good, encourage, enlighten, help, provide + assistance, provide + guidance, tide over, assist, jump-start [jump start], lend + a (helping) hand, pull + Posesivo + (own) weight, give + Nombre + a hand, pull together, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in, chip in, succour [succor, -USA].

Ex. Although others aided in the compilation of the schedules they were essentially the work of one man.

Ex. You do not do the users a lot of good when you send them jumping all over the catalog simply to draw together material.

Ex. A common catalogue encourages users to regard the different information carrying media as part of range of media.

Ex. Librarians often work with students who possess few library skills and teachers whose assignments neither improve these skills nor enlighten the students on their research.

Ex. How can we help library users to gain confidence?.

Ex. Its purpose is to provide advice and on-site salvage assistance to those organisations having documentary resources that are damaged in a natural or man-made disaster.

Ex. There are standards which provide guidance on the construction of thesauri.

Ex. Reading aloud, in these circumstances, might be the only contact the adolescent gets with literature, tiding him over to the time when he is prepared to read for himself again.

Ex. Any project which assists the use of coal and steel would be eligible.

Ex. Jump-start your learning experience by participating in 1 or 2 half-day seminars that will help you come up to speed on the new vocabularies, processes and architectures underlying effective content management.

Ex. In a small shop the master would lend a hand with the work, certainly as a corrector and often as a compositor as well.

Ex. Sometimes one person is left with all the work because their partner doesn't pull their weight.

Ex. These centres help women rebuild lives by giving them a hand up, not a handout.

Ex. She tells a story of courage in which the crew and the mission control pull together to work the problem through.

Ex. They've all been putting their shoulder to the wheel and it's paid off.

Ex. The Bolsheviks have manfully set their shoulders to the wheel undaunted by this staggering catastrophe.

Ex. All our neighbours, relatives, friends, we all mucked in and helped each other -- they were mostly all women because all the men had gone to war.

Ex. It's up to everyone to pitch in and help those who find themselves lacking the most basic of necessities -- food.

Ex. We're asking you to 'chip in' by investing your time and talents in your parks and your community.

Ex. There are tens of thousands of hungry children in the world today and well-meant efforts are being made to succour them.

----

* a quien madruga, Dios le ayuda = the early bird catches the worm.

* ayudar a = play + an instrumental role in.

* ayudar a Alguien a recuperarse = help + Nombre + get on + Posesivo + feet.

* ayudar a Alguien a salir adelante = help + Nombre + get on + Posesivo + feet.

* ayudar a comprender mejor = offer + insights, improve + understanding, give + an insight into, glean + insights, provide + insight into, lend + understanding to.

* ayudar a conocer mejor = advance + understanding.

* ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.

* ayudar a entender mejor = lend + understanding to.

* ayudar a + Infinitivo = go some (of the) way to(wards) + Gerundio.

* ayudar a la causa de = help + in the cause of.

* ayudar a + Nombre/Infinitivo = assist in + Nombre/Gerundio.

* ayudar a pasar por = get + Nombre + through.

* ayudar a superar = get + Nombre + through.

* ayudar bastante a = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.

* ayudar e instigar = aid and abet.

* dispuesto a ayudar = willing, willing to help.

* estar siempre dispuesto a ayudar = be always willing to assist.

* que no ayuda a distinguir = nondistinctive.

* utensilio para ayudar a caminar = walking aid.

* * *

verbo transitivo to help

ayudarse v pron to help oneself

* * *

* * *

ayudar [A1 ]

to help

ayudar al prójimo to help one's neighbor

¿te ayudo? do you need any help?, can o shall I help you?, can o shall I give you a hand? ( colloq)

vino a ayudarme unos días she came to help me out for a few days

ayudar a algn CON algo to help sb WITH sth

ayuda a tu hermano con los deberes help your brother with his homework

mis padres me ayudaron con los gastos de la fiesta my parents helped me (out) with the cost of the party

ayudar a algn A + INF to help sb (to) + INF

ayúdame a poner la mesa help me (to) set the table

lo ayudé a arreglar la moto I helped him (to) fix his motorbike

to help

¿puedo ayudar en algo? can o shall I give you a hand?, can I do anything to help?, can I help you with anything?

ayudar a or en misa to serve at mass

to help oneself

tú mismo tienes que ayudarte you've got to do something to help yourself

para ayudarse empezó a dar clases de inglés he started giving English classes to earn a bit more money

camina ayudándose de or con un bastón he walks with the aid o help of a stick, he walks with a stick

* * *

◊ ayudar al prójimo to help one's neighbor;

* * *

♦ vt

to help;

ayudar a alguien a hacer algo to help sb (to) do sth;

me ayudaron a subir el piano they helped me carry the piano up;

una profesora particular le ayuda en los estudios a private tutor is helping him with his studies;

necesito que me ayuden con este problema I need your help with this problem;

¿en qué puedo ayudarle? how can I help you?

♦ vi

to help;

¿puedo ayudar? can I help?

♦ See also the pronominal verb ayudarse

* * *

v/t help;

¿le ayudo? can I help?, would you like some help?;

le ayudó a ponerse el abrigo he helped her put on her coat

* * *

ayudar vt

: to help, to assist

♦ See also the reflexive verb ayudarse

* * *

ayudar vb to help

1 to define.

Ricardo definió las políticas ayer Richard defined the policies yesterday.

2 to describe.

3 to circumscribe, to delimit.

La cerca define mi territorio The fence circumscribes my territory.

4 to explain.

El sabio definió los conceptos The sage explained the concepts.

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 to define

► verbo pronominal definirse

1 to be defined

2 (explicarse) to make oneself clear, define one's position

■ se definió a favor de la medida he came out in favour of the measure

* * *

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ concepto, palabra] to define

2) (=calificar) to describe

3) (=aclarar) [+ actitud, posición] to define; [+ contorno, silueta] to define, make sharp

4) (=establecer) [+ poder, jurisdicción] to define, establish

5) (Inform) to define

definirse

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <palabra/concepto> to define

b) <postura/actitud> to define

c) <contorno/línea> to define, make... sharp

definirse v pron

* * *

= define, delineate, state, structure, construe, scope.

Ex. AACR2 defines authorship in terms of the intellectual responsibility for a work.

Ex. PRECIS relies upon citation order (sometimes with the support of prepositions) to record syntactical relationships, and to delineate two similar subjects.

Ex. Short abstracts are generally preferred, but there are instances where the most effective approach is to cite the original unamended, and to state that this is what has been done.

Ex. The large cataloguing record data bases are structured according to a format known as the MARC format.

Ex. This is not to be construed as a suggestion that the library should attempt to set itself up as pedagogue to the nation.

Ex. Information policy is highly complex and that it presents considerable difficulties in terms of scoping meaningful studies.

----

* definir de un modo predeterminado e inamobible = hard code [hardcode].

* definir de un modo predeterminado e inamovible = hardwire [hard wire].

* definir por uno mismo = self-define.

* definir relaciones = structure + relationships.

* definir una función = formulate + role.

* definir una misión = formulate + mission.

* definir un problema = delineate + problem.

* fácil de definir = easy-to-define.

* no definirse = sit on + the fence.

* ser hora de definirse = time to climb off the fence.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) <palabra/concepto> to define

b) <postura/actitud> to define

c) <contorno/línea> to define, make... sharp

definirse v pron

* * *

* * *

definir [I1 ]

1 ‹palabra/concepto› to define

2 ‹postura/actitud› to define

3 ‹contorno/línea› to define, make … sharp

aún no se ha definido con respecto a este problema he has yet to define his position o to say where he stands on this issue

tenemos que definirnos por una u otra opción we have to come down in favor of o choose one or other of the options

el pueblo se definió por la alternativa pacífica the people came out o decided in favor of a peaceful solution

* * *

* * *

♦ vt

1. [explicar, precisar] to define;

debes definir tu postura you must define your position, you must say where you stand

2. [describir] to describe;

la generosidad define su carácter generosity typifies his character;

se define a sí mismo como de derechas he describes himself as right-wing

♦ See also the pronominal verb definirse

* * *

v/t define

* * *

definir vt

1) : to define

2) : to determine

* * *

definir vb to define

= in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, for purposes of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with

Ex. Notices conveying, for example, the essential elements of the catalogue are likely to be especially important in association with microfilm or card catalogues.

Ex. Rules for any given class must be used in conjunction with the schedules for that class.

Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex. It is easiest to discuss the criteria for effective schedules in relation to the treatment of specific subjects.

Ex. It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.

Ex. And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.

Ex. Indeed, the changes are so rapid and so diverse, our plans for the future must also include what is presently possible in the way of information dissemination.

Ex. Recommendations relating to analytical cataloguing practices concern themselves primarily with the way in which the part of a document or work to be accessed is described.

Ex. It was apparent that the responders to the investigation were somewhat unsure of their future situation relative to the burgeoning information education market = Era claro que los entrevistados en la investigacion no se sentían muy seguros sobre su situación futura en relación con el incipiente mercado de las enseñanzas de documentación.

Ex. The information note following the explanatory heading provides guidance to the user of the catalogue vis à vis the conventions used in formulating uniform headings.

Ex. General points have been illustrated with reference to the cataloguing of books.

Ex. KWOC or Keyword Out of Context indexes are intended to improve upon KWIC indexes, with regards to layout and presentation.

Ex. After a few tangential remarks apropos of nothing, Carmichael left, a considerably less anxious person.

Ex. This article reviews the mission of the ALA's Committee on Accreditation (COA) and examines its role as it relates to the education of librarians qualified to work with children and young people.

Ex. The exploration aims to view table of contents terminology in the context of functions served by other representations of subject information, including Library of Congress subject headings, work title terminology, and author-contributed front matter.

Ex. This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.

Ex. Again, on the matter of the sources already consulted by the enquirer, the implication is not that he is unreliable or deceitful, but that in looking up the Encyclopedia Americana he may not be aware of the existence of the index.

Ex. This reawakening brought a determination to help make atomic energy a positive factor for humanity but things have gone from bad to worse re genuine disarmament.

Ex. In major enumerative schemes synthesis is often controlled by careful instructions regarding citation order.

Ex. Thus, self-presentation becomes a dynamic conception of people structuring their relations apropos to their life-space, rather than a theory of how to win friends and influence people.

Ex. We now know enough in reference to the prevention and cure of communicable diseases so that the average human life might be lengthened by a third.

Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.

Ex. This revised chapter modified the code in keeping with the recently agreed ISBD(M), and proposed a slightly different description for monographs.

* * *

quel, quelle [kεl]

1. adjective

   a. (interrog) (être animé) who ; (chose) what

• quel est cet auteur ? who is that author?

• quelles ont été les raisons de son départ ? what were the reasons for his leaving?

• j'ignore quel est l'auteur de ces poèmes I don't know who wrote these poems

   b. (interrog discriminatif) which

• quel acteur préférez-vous ? which actor do you prefer?

• quel est le vin le moins cher des trois ? which wine is the cheapest of the three?

   c. (excl) what

• quelle surprise ! what a surprise!

• quel courage ! what courage!

• quel imbécile je suis ! what a fool I am!

• quel (sale) temps ! what rotten weather!

   d. (relatif) (être animé) whoever ; (chose) whatever ; (discriminatif) whatever

• quelle que soit votre décision, écrivez-nous write to us whatever you decide

• quelles que soient les conséquences whatever the consequences may be

• quelle que soit la personne qui vous répondra whoever answers you

• les hommes, quels qu'ils soient all men, irrespective of who they are

2. interrogative pronoun

• de tous ces enfants, quel est le plus intelligent ? of all these children, which is the most intelligent?

• des deux solutions quelle est celle que vous préférez ? of the two solutions, which do you prefer?

* * *

quelle kɛl déterminant interrogatif

adjectif exclamatif what

* * *

1. adj interrogatif

1) (personne) who

2) (chose) what

3) (entre plusieurs)

4) (exclamatif)

2. adj relatif

3. pron interrogatif

* * *

quel ⇒ Note d'usage, quelle

A dét inter quels sont les pays membres de la CEE? what are the member countries of the EEC?; je me demande quelle est la meilleure solution I wonder what the best solution is; de ces deux médicaments, quel est le plus efficace? which of these two medicines is more effective?; de tous les employés, quel est le plus compétent? of all the employees, who is the most competent?

B adj inter dans quels pays as-tu vécu? what countries have you lived in?; quels peintres appartenaient à cette école? what ou which painters belonged to this school?; de quel étage a-t-il sauté? which floor did he jump from?; de quelle couleur est ta voiture? what colour^GB is your car?; quelle heure est-il? what time is it?; à quelle heure le film commence-t-il? (at) what time does the film start?; mais quel monstre êtes-vous donc? what kind of monster are you?; quel âge as-tu? how old are you?; si tu savais à quel point il m'agace! if you only knew how much he irritates me!; tu as remarqué avec quelle méchanceté elle lui a répondu? did you notice how snappily she answered him?; tout le monde sait avec quel courage vous avez accompli votre mission everybody knows how bravely you carried out your mission.

C adj excl what; quel imbécile! what an idiot!; quel homme! what a man!; quelle idée bizarre! what a weird idea!; quelle coïncidence! what a coincidence!; quel bonheur (que) de les voir enfin réunis! how delightful it is to see them together again at last!; quelle horreur! how dreadful!

D adj rel j'accepte votre proposition, quels qu'en soient les risques I accept your offer whatever the risks may be; quelles qu'aient pu être tes raisons, tu n'aurais jamais dû faire cela whatever your reasons may have been you should never have done that; quelle que soit la route que l'on prenne whatever ou whichever road we take; quel que soit l'hôtel où ils sont descendus whatever ou whichever hotel they are staying at; quel que soit le vainqueur whoever the winner may be; quel que soit l'endroit où il se sont arrêtés wherever they stopped; quelle que soit mon admiration pour lui however much I admire him, much as I admire him.

[kɛl] ( féminin quelle, pluriel masculin quels, pluriel féminin quelles) déterminant (adjectif interrogatif)

[personne] which

[animal, chose] which, what

quelle heure est-il? what's the time?, what time is it?

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[kɛl] ( féminin quelle, pluriel masculin quels, pluriel féminin quelles) déterminant (adjectif exclamatif)

quelle ne fut pas ma surprise (quand je le vis entrer)! (soutenu) imagine my surprise (when I saw him come in)!

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[kɛl] ( féminin quelle, pluriel masculin quels, pluriel féminin quelles) déterminant (adjectif relatif)

[en corrélation avec 'que' - personne] whoever ; [ - animal] whichever ; [ - chose] whichever, whatever

il se baigne quel que soit le temps he goes swimming whatever the weather

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[kɛl] ( féminin quelle, pluriel masculin quels, pluriel féminin quelles) pronom interrogatif

de tous vos matches, quel fut le plus difficile? of all the matches you've played, which (one) was the most difficult ou which was the most difficult one?

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

- at a time

- time between arrivals

- time fixed for payment

- time for presentation

- time for protesting

- in due time

- in good time

- time in service

- in unit time

- on time

- time out of stock

- over the time of

- time taken

- be ahead of time

- be behind time

- time to run

- save time

- work against time

- work on part time

- time used

- time of circulation

- time of delivery

- time of maturity

- time of nonuse

- time of operation

- time of turnover

- abnormal time

- access time

- active time

- activity duration time

- actual time

- administrative lead time

- allowed time

- appointed time

- arrival time

- attendance time

- averaged time

- average element time

- average selected time

- bad time

- base time

- block time

- break time

- build-up time

- busy time

- changeover time

- claim interoccurence time

- cleanup time

- concept-to-delivery time

- congealed labor time

- contact time

- controlled machine time

- critical time

- cycle time

- dead time

- delivery time

- demand usage time

- departure time

- dimensional motion time

- down time

- dull times

- dwell time

- effective time

- effective maintenance time

- effective waiting time

- elapsed time

- element time

- estimated time

- external idle time

- feeding time

- first piece time

- free time

- full time

- guaranteed time

- handling time

- holding time

- idle time

- improvement time

- inactive time

- in-commission time

- individual labor time

- initial time

- in-service time

- interarrival time

- interdischarge time

- interfailure time

- interference time

- inter-inspection time

- interrepair time

- item-procurement time

- labor time

- lead time

- leisure time

- leveled time

- leveled element time

- lie time

- life time

- lost time

- lost production time

- machine time

- machine attention time

- machine idle time

- maintenance time

- make-ready time

- makeup time

- mean time

- mean time between failures

- mean replenishment time

- minimum time

- mission time

- necessary labor time

- negotiable lead time

- net time

- nonactive maintenance time

- nonfailure operating time

- nonproductive time

- normal time

- normal element time

- normal operating time

- observed time

- observed time to failure

- occupation time

- off time

- off-peak times

- on time

- operating time

- order time

- outage time

- out-of-commission time

- part time

- payback time

- periodic time

- personal time

- pipeline time

- potential service time

- preempted time

- process time

- processing time

- production time

- productive time

- random time

- rated average element time

- rated selected element time

- readiness time

- ready time

- real time

- reasonable time

- recurrence time

- reference time

- remaining service time

- reorder time

- repair time

- repetition time

- required idle time

- residual waiting time

- review time

- run time

- sampling time

- schedule times

- scheduled time

- scheduled running time

- selected time

- service time

- setup time

- shipping time

- short time

- slack times in business

- socially necessary labor time

- sojourn time

- spare time

- specified time

- spent waiting time

- standard time

- standard element time

- standard machine time

- standby time

- standby unattended time

- standing time

- start time

- startup time

- staying time

- storage time

- subsidized time

- subtracted time

- surplus labor time

- survival time

- system improvement time

- throughput time

- total technician time

- travel time

- turnaround time

- unexpended service time

- uninterrupted working time

- unit time

- unoccupied time

- unproductive time

- up time

- usable time

- usage time

- waiting time

- wasted service time

- weaning time

- work time

- working time

1) Общая лексика: МП (машиностроительное предприятие - machine-building enterprise)

2) Компьютерная техника: Microarray Expression, Multimedia Engineering

3) Медицина: myalgic encephalomyelitis (миалгический энцефаломиелит)

4) Спорт: Mental Error

5) Военный термин: Mission Environment, Munitions Effectiveness, magnitude estimation, main engine, management engineering, manpower estimate, manual of engineering, map exercise, measuring element, mechanical engineer, mechanical equipment, medium equipment, military education, military electronics, military engineer, military engineering, minimum elevation, miscellaneous equipment, missile electrician, mission envelope, mobility equipment, multi-engine, muzzle energy

6) Техника: maintenance effectiveness, master element, mean effective, meter, microelectronic, milliequivalent, milligram-equivalent, moisture content

7) Сельское хозяйство: mature equivalent, metabolizable energy, МКЭ (напр., в названиях препаративных форм пестицидов: Кинмикс, МКЭ), микрокапсулированная эмульсия

8) Шутливое выражение: Maximum Envy, Microsoft Exasperation, Migraine Edition, Mistake Edition, Music And Eats, Mutant Enemy

9) Математика: оценка момента (moment estimator)

10) Религия: Methodist Episcopal

11) Британский английский: нейромиастения (повышенная утомляемость)